Below, you’ll find an excerpt from Guardianas: Dispatches from the Association of Midwives Rosa Andrade, a bilingual collection of testimonies from midwives in El Salvador, edited by Noemí Delgado and Luz Del Carmen Salama-Tobar, and translated from Spanish by Emma Lloyd. The midwives you’ll hear from delivered babies during the twelve-year-long civil war and, today, fight to protect their ancestral role in the midst of ongoing repression.
Compiled from oral histories gathered in 2019 by Salvadoran American birth worker Noemí Delgado, this bilingual anthology weaves together testimonies from twenty members of APRA to tell a collective story of midwifery and community care in revolutionary El Salvador. In Guardianas, the beauty of the testimonies, and the care with which they were collected, come together to safeguard a vision of a world rooted in fierce bravery, dignity, and ancestral wisdom.
"I began attending births in the war. But first was my mom, I was really young then, delivering twins. I learned watching the mid-wife, the same one who delivered me, and when we assisted my mom I saw how she did it. That time one of the babies had already been born when the midwife got there, because they were twins. I was about thirteen when I helped my mom deliver the twins. After that, we left for the war when I was nineteen.
I was a cook with the guerrillas and sometimes worked with the gente de masa, and that’s where it became really necessary because many girls got pregnant, or with the gente de masa there’d always be a pregnant woman. I had to help them deliver, with nothing, with just some rubber bands to clamp the cord. We didn’t have scissors, and sometimes we cut the cord between two stones.
In the war I was married, widowed, and after that I gave birth alone. I had two [kids] before the war, and the other two during the conflict. I delivered alone during the war, in a cave, beneath a rock. Only my daughters were there. After I gave birth alone, other compañeras and compañeros who we were with would come looking for me and I attended the births of the women who got pregnant during the war. After that we left for Mesa Grande [a refugee camp in Hon-duras]. We went back in ’87 and from there I started delivering babies again, they’d look for me because they realized I attended births.
In the war they killed my husband, they killed one of my daughters, too many family members. My daughters were shot, and one still has a splinter of the bullet. My daughter was eleven when they shot her. I had a bit of shrapnel also but it’s come out now. They also broke my hands."
—ÁNGELA LUZ BARAHONA DE ÁVALOS
Copapayo, Suchitoto

"Look, it’s been hard. We left escaping the war, and we had to leave every last little thing behind, doors wide open you’d say, [the army] took everything, I mean everything. In the war I delivered two babies, a girl and a boy, on the same day, October 31st, under gunfire. Gunfire! No, no, see here, it’s taken its toll on us. That’s why we left for Palacios de San José Guayabal. Palacios de San José Guayabal is where we went to take shelter, and we slept on the ground. A man came there and asked my husband if I would go help this woman deliver and I didn’t want to, “No, no I can’t,” and “I can’t do it.” “Look, just go make the effort,” he said. And I went, and that shooting, BOOM on one side, BOOM on the other side, and me seeing it all, ay how do I do this. There didn’t even used to be plastic [to protect us], not even an umbrella, just those sacks that fertilizer comes in—we threw those over us and I went with the man and we had to walk a long ways crouching under the bullets.
After that, they realized that I had attended that birth and they came to call me for another, and when I arrived the baby had already been born on just a little patch of sand, just the placenta was left and I stayed there and took care that the placenta was birthed. Since I already had the tie and the scissors on hand I cut the cord and just put a little alcohol and cut the boy’s umbilical cord and brought the little boy [over] cradling him in my arms and I told a man to go find a hammock for the mother. There, in that place, I think I delivered four babies. I helped my niece give birth for the first time.
From there things got worse because the death squads were persecuting people, especially going after anyone from Suchitoto, and we were from Suchitoto . . . we who hadn’t done anything, didn’t owe anything. So we left for Soyapango, but back then the Universidad Don Bosco wasn’t there, and there was no Unicentro, there were only fields of sugarcane. We lived by the side of the road, that’s where we lived, but it was all sugarcane. There I had to attend other births as well, and as I had already delivered several births, I took charge. The women who could would pay me a little, but if she didn’t have anything then she would say “Dios se lo pague,” God will pay."
—FREDELINDA ANTONIA RECINOS DE CERÓN
Aceituno, Suchitoto

"It came that I had to leave my home—I left all alone, just me and my kids because I was already a widow. A friend came and got me out because he said that he didn’t want to learn later that they had killed me. He was a comrade who was with some of the guerillas and he got me out of Los Apoyos. He took me from the house without me bringing anything, not one little thing from the house, just my kids and one or two pieces of their clothing. We left that night, about one in the morning. And right as we got out, getting across the Lempa River, you could hear the convoys come full of soldiers, coming to finish off every last person. But thanks to God there was someone who came to get me out, otherwise I would’ve died along with every single other person. After that they took us to a place we could stay. When I wanted to go back, the house was already destroyed. There wasn’t any way left to make a life, and so I had to stay with the compañeros [guerrillas] who were fighting, fighting for our lives.
Living in the guerrilla camps I attended births not knowing—not knowing how. But thanks to God there was a doctor and he arrived and told me, “You’re going to be with me during the birth because today I’m here but tomorrow who knows.” The very first birth I attended the baby was breech. I said to the doctor, “Doctor, she’s coming feet first.” “Don’t worry,” he said. And he helped the little girl be born. Then the placenta came out and he said, “Go ahead, today you’re going to cut the umbilical cord.” He wanted me to learn. And thanks to God, I did a good job.
After that it came that I had to help a girl deliver on my own, because she said to me, “No, I don’t want the doctor here. You come instead.” “Okay, if that’s what you want,” I said. I think she didn’t want the doctor to see her, out of embarrassment. I accepted becoming a midwife because my conscience already inclined me towards wanting to give others a hand, because the ones who suffer are always us women. And so that led me to keep fighting as a midwife, and I still am fighting—as long as God keeps me alive and I can walk.
Before that experience [attending births], I had already had my daughter, and I had also given birth in the camp, under a mango tree. There was a woman there at that time who was a midwife and she helped me deliver in the camp. When I fled home, I had five kids with me. But then things got worse. They killed one first, and then another. And it was after that that I had my daughter.
When I incorporated [in the war] I was about thirty-eight, that was when I had to leave my home. In the camps I worked as a cook, preparing food for the compas, the comrades. They let me join the camps and I said, “I have children and I can’t abandon them.” “They’ll be here in the camps, they’ll be taken care of here,” they told me. When the first one died he was seventeen, the other died at fourteen."
—TOMASA JOVITA TORRES
Mazatepeque, Suchitoto

"I was born in 1942. When I started attending births I was about seventeen. I started without any official instruction because people would come looking for me. And they told me I was really valuable because I also healed wounds during the war. Already anyone would come say to me, “Hey, go along to this house.” I learned it all with my body, nothing more. I asked an older midwife how to cut the umbilical cord. “See here,” she said, “measure four fingers from the belly button.” I said to myself, Well four fingers is too much, three will do fine, and so I cut using three fingers.
During the fighting, maybe because of all the gunfire, women would go into labor: “Come,” they’d say to me. You’d do what you could there attending the births. I got hit by a bullet and that same day we had to go with a young man who had told me to come help a woman give birth and I had to stay there with the bullet; I still have the shrapnel. That’s how it was: losing blood, I delivered a baby.
That was a critical time. What we did was give food to the guerillas. But maybe sometimes while bringing food the soldiers would arrive, and we’d be in the crossfire. I helped a girl deliver in the middle of a clash, they had started shooting. It was sad. We didn’t make any noise. There in silence, no noise, only the walls protecting us. The girl giving birth didn’t cry, she just endured. It’s been hard. One has spilled blood, but they’ve given us no recognition."
—MARÍA MARTINA LUCERO
Primavera, Suchitoto

Guardianas is a bilingual collection of testimonies from midwives in El Salvador who delivered babies during the twelve-year-long civil war and who, today, fight to protect their ancestral role in the midst of ongoing repression.
This edition includes thirty color photographs and five black-and-white illustrations.
Out of necessity, women in El Salvador began attending births during the twelve-year-long civil war, when pregnant people in rural areas and guerrilla camps could not access medical care. From their mothers and older midwives, these women learned partería—traditional midwifery that was once the norm in El Salvador and has since been prohibited. After the official end to the war, the parteras became central fixtures in the “repopulation” of their country, building new communities, often without electricity or running water or hospitals. In 1994, out of this organizing, the Association of Parteras Rosa Andrade (APRA) was born. Today, the founding members of APRA, along with a younger generation training with them, continue to fight for the reproductive rights of thousands of people living in the municipalities of Suchitoto, Cuscatlán.
Collected in 2019 by Salvadoran American birth worker Noemí Delgado, Guardianas weaves together testimonies from twenty members of APRA to tell a collective story of:
- the experiences of midwives, mothers, guerrilla fighters and “gente de masa” during the armed conflict that took approximately 75,000 lives;
- the role of the midwife during the period of repopulation after the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords, when thousands of displaced Salvadorans were finally allowed back into their homeland;
- the brutal obstetric violence that people giving birth in hospitals routinely face, and how this mistreatment compares to care provided by a midwife;
- the extreme repression Salvadoran midwives have faced since 2011, when the health ministry prohibited home births;
- the ancestral nature of partería, an earth-based art practice that is passed down between generations, and derives from an extensive body of knowledge about safe and empowering births.
This anthology is both a safeguarding of the caretaking traditions of partería as well as a broader invitation to consider the role of birth work in organizing against war, imperialism, and corporate power. Here, the beauty of the testimonies—and the care with which they were compiled—ultimately come together to upend our ideas of what a medical ethnography can be and what an oral history can do.



